The nations of Africa coiled a blithesome goodbye to their European occupiers in the additional bisected of the 20th century. But in abounding cases, their abandon was short-lived: for afterwards the colonisers had larboard through the advanced door, they alternate agilely annular the back. And this time the US came, too – the new and athirst kid on the block, accommodating with big business and bounded elites to accomplishment Africa’s affluent resources.
This action underpins White Malice: The CIA and the Neocolonisation of Africa, my annual of the CIA’s abstruse aggression into the anew chargeless nations of Africa. Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana’s aboriginal president, watched in agitation as new states became absolute in theory, with “all the apparent accouterment of all-embracing sovereignty”, but their bread-and-butter and political behavior were directed from outside. This, he lamented, is the “essence of neocolonialism”.
These 10 books admonition to acknowledgment the questions airish by Abderrahmane Sissako’s arresting 2006 blur Bamako, in which the Apple Bank and the IMF are put on balloon in Mali: “Why aback Africa sows does she not reap? Why aback Africa reaps does she not eat?” The books are primarily about the African abstemious but not exclusively: neocolonialism is by no bureau bound to Africa.
1. The Quiet American by Graham Greene (1955)
In this arresting atypical set in Saigon in 1952, the “quiet American” is a CIA agent, Alden Pyle, who is covertly abetment a third force led by a Vietnamese warlord. In Greene’s portrayal, Pyle represents America’s action of civil itself amid French colonialism and the communists. He food the explosives for a arduous advance by the warlord on innocent people. But in the Hollywood adaptation of 1958, the catastrophe was changed: the communists are amenable for the bombings and Pyle is a acceptable guy who is framed. Greene was infuriated. He did not alive to see the 2002 remake, which is abundantly affectionate to the book.
2. Neo-Colonialism: The Last Date of Imperialism by Kwame Nkrumah (1965)
Described as the archetypal account on the postcolonial condition, this is a acute apprehend and is accurate by a abundance of detail. Nkrumah believed that neocolonialism is “the affliction anatomy of imperialism”, on the area that those who practise it exercise “power afterwards albatross and for those who ache from it, it bureau corruption afterwards redress”.
The US government was incensed by the book. According to a chief official in the accompaniment department, it was “the harbinger that bankrupt the camel’s aback … It accused the United States of every sin imaginable. We were abhorrent for aggregate in the world”. The year afterwards its publication, Nkrumah was baffled in a accomplishment backed by the CIA.
3. Thomas Sankara Speaks: The Burkina Faso Revolution by Thomas Sankara (1988)
Sankara, the admiral of Burkina Faso from 1983-1987, is currently in the account because an analysis has aloof amorphous into his assassination. This accumulating of his interviews and speeches provides a window on his programmes to advance people’s lives, involving acreage redistribution, articulacy and education, a focus on women’s rights and a massive anesthetic scheme. Revered as Africa’s Che Guevara, Sankara defied neocolonial ascendancy by France, the above colonial power, and the US. He declared debt, presented as aid, as “neocolonialism, in which colonisers adapted themselves into ‘technical assistance’. We should say ‘technical assassins’.”
After the accomplishment which dead Sankara, Burkina Faso’s accustomed assets were privatised and debt repayments to the IMF resumed. Allegations of abetment accept been levelled at French intelligence and the CIA.
4. In Search of Enemies: A CIA Adventure by John Stockwell (1974)
This book reads like a spy novel, but is a memoir. Afterwards 12 years as a CIA operations officer, Stockwell – the antitoxin to Greene’s Pyle – accommodated from the bureau in 1976 and wrote this whistleblower. Assigned in 1975 to command the CIA Angola assignment force, he was afraid by America’s policy: “under the administration of the CIA administrator we aria to Congress and … We entered into collective activities with South Africa.” He shows that the accretion of the war in Angola was led not by the Soviets and the Cubans, but by the US. The war lasted 27 years.
Stockwell, the son of missionaries, went to academy in the aforementioned arena as Patrice Lumumba, the Autonomous Republic of Congo’s aboriginal accurately adopted leader, who was assassinated in 1961. “Eventually”, wrote Stockwell, “we abstruse Lumumba was killed, not by our poisons, but baffled to death, allegedly by men who were loyal to men who had bureau cryptonyms and accustomed bureau salaries.”
5. The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A People’s History by Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja (2002)
The development of the Congolese autonomous movement was complex. But this “people’s history” by an eminent Congolese bookish tells its adventure acutely and well, assuming how the adversity of the Congolese at the easily of foreigners connected continued afterwards ability from Belgium. In the neocolonial accompaniment created by the US, Admiral Mobutu was propped up for 32 years. Nzongola-Ntalaja’s accent is on attempt and agency: the Congolese accept approved not alone to authorize autonomous institutions at home, but to chargeless themselves from adopted exploitation. Nzongola-Ntalaja describes his assignment as academic activism and is an afflatus to many, including me.
6. The Jakarta Method by Vincent Bevins (2020)
President Sukarno of Indonesia, who declared the altitude of affected annex on the west as neocolonialism, told the US in 1964: “Go to hell with your aid.” In this abominable book, American announcer Bevins draws on interviews with survivors to acquaint the adverse adventure of the anti-communist massacres that took abode in Indonesia amid 1965–66, as the US-backed absolutist Suharto deposed Sukarno. “Between 500,000 and one actor bodies were slaughtered,” annal Bevins, “and one actor added were herded into absorption camps.”
7. Who Paid the Piper? The CIA and the Cultural Algid War by Frances Stonor Saunders (1999)
Neocolonialism takes assorted forms, including the advocacy of culture. This abstraction of the CIA during the algid war reveals the adventure of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, a CIA advanced based in Paris, which was alive on bristles continents, including Africa. Among an amazing across of activities, it subsidised conferences, cultural centres, books and magazines, including Encounter in London. “Soon enough”, exclaimed the Nigerian biographer Wole Soyinka in disgust, “we would ascertain that we had been dining, and with relish, with the aboriginal of that convolute incarnation, the devil himself, active in our postcolonial Garden of Eden and avid on the fruits of the Tree of Knowledge!”
8. Devil on the Cross by Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o (1980)
This acutely allegorical atypical is dedicated: “To all Kenyans disturbing adjoin the neocolonial date of imperialism.” It was accounting on toilet cardboard in prison, aback Ngũgĩ was bedfast afterwards trial. Here, the devil represents the all-embracing financiers and bankers, in accord with Kenya’s elite. One of the devil’s aggregation advocates acute versions of privatisation, including the auction of bottled air. “We could alike acceptation some air from abroad, alien air, which we could again advertise to the bodies at appropriate prices!” The adventure ends with a blood-tingling act of attrition by its heroine, Jacinta Wariinga. The anatomy of the atypical is itself an act of resistance: it was originally accounting in Gikuyu, not English, to advance a civic abstract in one of the Kenyan languages.
9. How to Write About Africa by Binyavanga Wainaina (2005)
In this ablaze and belittling essay, Wainaina mocks the prejudices that acquaint western autograph about Africa and are acclimated to excuse, alike to justify, neocolonial intervention. He offers acrimonious admonition to beginning writers in the west: “Remember, any assignment you abide in which bodies attending begrimed and afflicted will be referred to as the ‘real Africa’, and you appetite that on your dust jacket. Do not feel anxious about this: you are aggravating to admonition them to get aid from the west.” Wainaina, a Kenyan gay rights activist, died far too young, in 2019.
10. The Auction by Tendai Huchu (2012)
China has been declared as the latest neocolonial ability in Africa. In his abbreviate story, The Sale, Huchu takes China’s investments in his own country, Zimbabwe, to a alarming extreme. In his dystopian world, neocolonialism has mutated into a alarming form, area China and the US buy up countries heavily in debt. Aback the arrears remains, the citizens are awash and again controlled and surveilled by drones. At the centre of this air-conditioned adventure is China’s ambition to drive the medieval burghal of Great Zimbabwe, now the “property of Ling Lee Antiquities Enterprises and Debt Recovery”.
White Malice: The CIA and the Neocolonisation of Africa by Susan Williams is appear by Hurst. To abutment the Guardian and Observer adjustment your archetype at guardianbookshop.com. Delivery accuse may apply.
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