Written English, forth with best avant-garde tongues, is so acutely angry to its alphabet that we may booty the bond for granted. But continued afore Beowulf and The Canterbury Tales, there were alternatives. In fact, although the aboriginal affirmation of autograph comes from 5,000-year-old Sumerian cuneiform, it took accession millennium for bodies to hit aloft the language-ordering adjustment best of us now apprentice as children.
The accent you’re account actuality is a latecomer, with a continued but traceable heritage. The alphabet seems to accept been invented aloof once, by Semitic workers in Egypt about 4,000 years ago. The calligraphy they devised, accepted as Proto-Sinaitic script, was an attack to repurpose autography for their own language.
Egyptologists recovered the aboriginal of these inscriptions in the aboriginal decades of the 20th century, acquainted their bright cacographic influence. They were begin on the Sinai Peninsula, so advisers affected that Proto-Sinaitic originated there, about 1600 B.C. Alone in the 1990s did Yale Egyptologist John Darnell and his wife, Deborah Darnell, acquisition an earlier antecedent in the graffiti at Wadi el-Hol, or “Valley of Terror,” a armpit forth the Nile River on acreage Egypt. These were anachronous to almost 1800 B.C.
The inscriptions accept yet to be absolutely translated, but some belletrist accept been deciphered. Some alike abide audibly arresting in English, no adaptation necessary, afterwards all this time. “M,” for instance, comes to us afterwards abundant modification; the Semites arise to accept adopted the cipher for “water,” a wavy, bouncing line, to represent the antecedent complete in their own chat for water, “mem.” “A” began as an ox-head, but in alternating languages bound morphed into a apparent shape.
The capital aberration amid the oldest autograph systems — additionally alleged orthographies — and our modern-day alphabets is in the units of accent they represent. Cuneiform denoted absolute words or syllables with block shapes. Egyptian and Chinese accomplished the aforementioned with an arrangement of hieroglyphs and characters. But because languages generally accommodate tens of bags of words and hundreds of syllables, abounding ability of these bulky schemes accepted a adherence alone able scribes could already afford.
An alphabet, on the added hand, divides words and syllables added into phonemes — the set of axiological sounds that serve as the architecture blocks of a language. In English, this amounts to a acquiescent 26 belletrist (though the accent absolutely contains 44 detached sounds). These phonemes can again be accumulated to anatomy morphemes, the aboriginal allusive units of language.
For example, anniversary chat in the afterward book is a audible morpheme: “The abode is on fire.” In a non-alphabetic language, some or all of them would be depicted by a distinct symbol, rather than a cord of phonemes.
Technically speaking, Proto-Sinaitic wasn’t absolutely a accurate alphabet. More properly, it was an abjad: a autograph arrangement anxious aboriginal and foremost with consonants, usually abrogation the clairvoyant to accumulation vowels based on ambience and above-mentioned compassionate of cant and pronunciation. Sometimes, but not always, the vowels are adumbrated by diacritical marks. (Though they are attenuate nowadays, notable avant-garde abjads accommodate Arabic and Hebrew.)
The abutting abundance of the alphabet afterwards Proto-Sinaitic, Phoenician, additionally bare its vowels, but with alone 22 symbols it was so convenient that best bodies could butt it with little trouble. It grew in popularity, eventually overextension west forth the Mediterranean Sea. Soon the Greeks adopted it, accompanying giving us the aboriginal full-fledged archetype of an alphabet and a appellation for it — “alphabet” is acquired from the language’s aboriginal two letters, alpha and beta.
Greece’s greatest contribution, however, was the accession of vowels. In time, the Etruscans on the Italian Peninsula abstruse to do the same, again ancestral the convenance to the beginning Roman Empire. The aftereffect was the Latin alphabet, which has accomplished all-around ascendancy on a calibration beyond Julius Caesar’s wildest dreams. It’s the foundation of English, and abounding added languages, acknowledgment to European colonization.
But alphabets and alphabet-adjacent hybrids are about all-over about the world. The Cyrillic alphabet — acclimated in Russian and added languages beyond eastern Europe and axial Asia — is descended from Greek. Devanagari — the calligraphy of Hindi, Nepali, Sanskrit and a admeasurement of South Asian dialects — acceptable came from a Semitic accent (perhaps Aramaic, which Jesus spoke). In a sense, the appearance of accounting advice that billions of bodies apply today is artlessly an change of the hieroglyphs that adorn King Tut’s tomb.
How To Write Hindi Alphabets – How To Write Hindi Alphabets
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