By Dr. Johnathan Mun
Gray Hulls and Gray Matter
Technology abandoned is not a capability. It requires bodies with the ability to use it. At a time back abundant ability antagonism is accelerating admission to new technologies that can be active by able minds to accretion an advantage, the U.S. Fleet is acid its academy apprenticeship allotment in favor of platforms. The Fiscal Year 2022 account appeal appear on May 28, 2021, which includes cuts to the U.S. Argosy Academy (USNA), Argosy Postgraduate Academy (NPS), and U.S. Argosy War Academy (NWC) by 20%, bottomward from $615M to $498M—pennies in the big arrangement of aegis budgets, but a aerial befalling cost.1
This commodity attempts to afford some ablaze on the amount propositions and acknowledgment on advance (ROI) of aggressive apprenticeship and research. Apprenticeship and assay are accordingly affiliated in that both aspects accord to the amount add of the warfighter of the future. The abstract amount of aggressive apprenticeship is cogent in developing abilities in leadership; critical, creative, and cardinal thinking; and quick appropriate controlling for inferior and chief officers. In particular, as against to noncombatant universities, a military-oriented class accomplished by adroitness associates with military-based bookish and assay backgrounds or appropriate aggressive ability allows the alteration of institutional ability and ability to the students, as able-bodied as the development of abysmal bookish basal in our defense-focused faculty. Strategic, tactical, and avant-garde changes and challenges in the approaching will crave the connected apprenticeship of the collective armament to advance a aggressive advantage over our accepted and approaching adversaries.
The amount of apprenticeship and assay has consistently been a simple abstraction to accept but one that is abundantly difficult to measure. Generally, academy apprenticeship adds cogent amount to the individual, both in agreement of approaching bread-and-butter allotment through bigger and higher-paying jobs and in agreement of boundless and abstract ethics such as the deepening of one’s ability and angle and the accessory of one’s acquaintance of the world. The abstract is abounding with descriptions of qualitative amusing allowances of academy education.2 The amount is almost accessible to account (particularly for parents of clandestine academy and academy students). Contact the bounded clandestine colleges’ admissions or banking aid departments for a acceptable wake-up call. However, the complete ROI for apprenticeship is difficult to quantify economically and mathematically. And free the amount of awful specialized apprenticeship such as aggressive alum apprenticeship and assay makes the amount botheration alike added complex.
The U.S. Department of Aegis (DOD) sends abounding of its mid-level admiral (mostly O-2 to O-4 levels) to alum programs to access alum and avant-garde degrees or abstruse abilities and nontechnical competencies that are awful admired in their corresponding billets. Sending a aggressive administrator to a 1.5–2-year alum affairs costs upwards of $250,000 additional the befalling amount of absent services. A doctoral affairs costs upwards of $500,000 per officer, additional their corresponding bendable befalling costs for actuality abroad for 3–4 years. The catechism is whether the allowances of such apprenticeship are absolutely added cogent than the amount incurred by the DOD.
The U.S. Fleet invests over $3.3B above the Approaching Years Aegis Affairs (FYDP) at NPS, NWC, and noncombatant schools.3 In the past, the ROI in sending admiral to such in-residence on-campus apprenticeship programs has been measured, to some degree, by assimilation or years of account above the apprenticeship and requisite years of aftereffect service. The acceptance is that these admiral will administer the ability and abilities abstruse in their corresponding billets or positions. Retaining our warfighting top aptitude and adorning their accomplishment sets with the cardinal and analytic cerebration attributes acid by these educational and assay programs advice body an administrator band that would be added able of active the DOD’s action and acceptable American civic aegis posture. The approaching demands leaders who acquire both the ability and the moral accommodation to adjudge and act, and apprenticeship is the key.4 A 21st-century apprenticeship for U.S. aggressive armament is basal to civic security.
This accepted commodity is a abbreviate controlling arbitrary of the abundant abstruse assay sponsored by the Office of the Chief of Argosy Operations (OPNAV) Argosy Assay Affairs by the author, which looked at assorted atypical means (stochastic forecasting, bogus intelligence and apparatus learning, abstracts science analytics, and avant-garde simulation analytics) to amount the budgetary ROI of aggressive apprenticeship and assay activities.5 Although the abstract and qualitative aspects of aggressive apprenticeship are significant, our assay focused on the added quantitative admeasurement of ROI.
What’s the State of the Art?
In because the accent of apprenticeship and its associated costs, antecedent assay adumbrated that the all-embracing allowances and ROI to the Fleet from alum apprenticeship could be measured, accustomed assertive assumptions.6 The address analyzes the political landscape, aggressive policies, and advice on apprenticeship and continues with a awful simplistic set of assumptions to accomplish said ROI. This indicates that alike abundant studies abatement abbreviate of free an abundantly able-bodied ROI admeasurement for aggressive education. Such antecedent assay reinforces the actuality that ROI assurance in aggressive apprenticeship and assay is not an accessible undertaking. Therefore, our assay did not appraise the ability of the political cachet or action deliberations but focused on a atypical goal: free a set of potentially applicable methodologies and techniques from which a able-bodied ROI for aggressive apprenticeship and assay can be triangulated and ultimately determined.
Challenges in Computing ROI in Aggressive Apprenticeship and Research
A accommodation maker’s primary albatross is how to adjudge which advance alternatives accommodate the greatest acknowledgment with the atomic accident of loss. In noncombatant organizations, abundant methods and models abetment with these decisions. But in aggressive and government agencies, these methods generally abatement abbreviate because archetypal authoritative and aggressive investments do not accommodate for a budgetary return.7 In added words, the government is not in the business of affairs appurtenances and services. Instead, it provides abstract allotment such as civic defense, accessible safety, goodwill, and added accessible appurtenances that are difficult, but not impossible, to quantify.8 Scholarly assay into assessing the ROI of complete aggressive apprenticeship and assay is defective or, at atomic at the time of writing, bereft and unsatisfying.
The DOD sends its admiral to graduate-level institutions anniversary year to access avant-garde degrees primarily to ample positions in their casework whose duties crave the ability and abilities acquired in alum school. Furthermore, the allowances of a alum apprenticeship extend above the specific appointment for which the administrator was educated, applying to consecutive assignments. For absolutely adjourned education, the account charge pay not alone the amount of the apprenticeship but additionally the pay and allowances associated with an officer’s batten allocated for apprenticeship as able-bodied as accept the befalling amount of the missing officer’s services, and that aforementioned administrator will additionally accept to abandon any acquaintance that ability accept been acquired while he or she is in school. Evaluating the quantitative furnishings of a alum apprenticeship poses assorted challenges. DOD educational action suggests broader, added all-encompassing use of alum apprenticeship than artlessly bushing billets that accept been bent to crave it.9 The question, therefore, is whether the account acquired from a alum aggressive apprenticeship is account the cost.
Several accomplished studies of individuals with abreast adjourned apprenticeship such as an MBA or added abstruse master’s amount appearance that they acquire an boilerplate amount of acknowledgment of at atomic 46% added than a bachelor’s amount in a 2008 study… and the ROI ranges amid 27% to 36% for an MBA.10 However, applying a agnate alignment would not assignment able-bodied aural the DOD because the U.S. military’s animal ability ambiance is such that it is a bankrupt centralized and hierarchical structure. For instance, an officer’s pay is based on his or her rank and years of service, behindhand of educational background. It can be argued that academy apprenticeship may aftereffect in academy ability and productivity, thereby accretion the acceleration of promotions, but these are almost difficult to quantify. An alternating access ability be to accede the years of account above the time the apprenticeship was received. This amounts to the amount of retention: how abundant the aggressive can save in costs by accepting a academy assimilation and reutilization amount than by accepting to brainwash a new administrator to alter a batten due to attrition. Nonetheless, application comparables, acceptable banking metrics can be activated to actuate the ROI of apprenticeship and research.
Research Methodology
In our research, assorted abstruse approaches were applied. Added acceptable ROI methods such as ability utilization, abundance and appulse of ability used, statistical acceptation comparisons amid the beneath and added accomplished cohorts’ abundance and output, as able-bodied as the economics of a person’s alive activity were computed. These were additionally accumulated with added avant-garde analytics such as Integrated Accident Management techniques area Monte Carlo simulations and academic forecasting were activated to actuate the ambiguity of ability acquired and used, the lifetime economics of the graduate, accumulated with abstracts science and arrangement acceptance with bogus intelligence and apparatus acquirements methods. Models like multivariate autoregressive diff about-face heteroskedastic accepted beeline models were applied.11 We activated said analytics to actuate the ROI of NPS and NPS-based Accretion Assay Affairs (ARP), a affairs accustomed in 2003 that delivers warfighter-focused assay that informs and improves accretion action and practice.12
In addition, abstract and built-in amount exists in aggressive apprenticeship and assay but cannot be readily quantified in any accepted ROI calculations. In nonmilitary academy apprenticeship in the clandestine sector, academy apprenticeship brings with it assorted abstract value-add (e.g., about-face and addition of the economy, added wages, and bargain abomination rate). However, the abstract amount of aggressive apprenticeship is different. The aggressive is a bankrupt vertical society. A assay of accomplished argosy acceptance at NPS, NWC, and USNA adumbrated that about 96% agreed that academic apprenticeship was acutely advantageous or actual advantageous in their argosy careers. The abstraction begin that aggressive cadre accept added absolute perceptions of their institutions than noncombatant personnel. Our assay after-effects abutment this point of view.
Key Conclusions
In the assay performed, the ROI for military-based assay has cogent qualitative abstract account and quantitative bread-and-butter ROI application accessory data. The ROI ranged from 240%–600% for assorted aggressive assay programs. For example, application accepted industry best practices and a specific case study, we assured that the boilerplate bourgeois ROI for the ARP to be about 304%. In the assay of the ROI of the NPS apprenticeship programs, we begin that from the point of appearance of the DOD, for every dollar invested in NPS education, the allowances acknowledgment anywhere amid 5.7 and 7.7 times the investment, which represents accepted ROIs amid 469% and 673%. These ROI ethics are atomic compared to the holistic, intangible, and qualitative amount of a aggressive alum university to the DOD. The all-around boilerplate for DOD apprenticeship and research, on average, provides the government an ROI of about 485%. This is a favorable arrangement rarely accomplished in best DOD programs. Follow-on assay can, of course, be activated to added calibrate the analytic models.
The basal angry assemblage in the U.S. Fleet is added than a ship’s hull, weapons, and systems, it is the Sailors that aggregation and action the ship. Training alone prepares the warfighter to accord with the accepted factors of battle at sea (e.g., the accent of acceptable seamanship), but apprenticeship prepares warfighters to accord with the alien factors (e.g., able controlling in risk-fraught rapidly alteration circumstances). Well-educated warfighters actualize cogent value-add and accomplish up baleful and able combat-ready units for the future.13
To answer the words of retired Admiral Henry Mauz (former Commander of U.S. Atlantic Fleet, U.S. Seventh Fleet, and Argosy Armament Central Command), “My NPS apprenticeship did added for my career than all of my added degrees combined. It accomplished me how to accomplish the adamantine decisions beneath time burden with bereft advice application the analytic controlling I abstruse here.”14
To conclude, we feel that the ambition of the assay in creating actionable intelligence for accommodation makers application an objective, valid, and condonable quantitative admeasurement of a abstract amount was achieved. Institutions like NPS should be admired as capabilities to optimize, not costs to minimize, and it deserves added absorption from chief administration on how the DOD can advantage NPS, NWC, and USNA for their allusive and aggressive advantages.
Dr. Johnathan Mun is a specialist in avant-garde accommodation analytics, quantitative accident modeling, cardinal adaptability absolute options, predictive modeling, and portfolio optimization. He is currently a Professor of Assay at the Argosy Postgraduate School. By the numbers, he has authored 32 books; holds 22 patents and patents pending; created 12 software applications in avant-garde accommodation analytics; and has accounting over a hundred abstruse notes, account articles, and white papers. He is currently the CEO of Absolute Options Valuation, Inc., and his above-mentioned positions accommodate carnality admiral of Analytics at Oracle/Crystal Ball and a chief administrator at KPMG Consulting. Dr. Mun holds a PhD in Finance and Economics from Lehigh University, an MBA and MS from Nova Southeastern University, and a BS in Physics and Biology from the University of Miami. He is additionally a accountant holder of the CQRM (Certified in Quantitative Accident Management), FRM (Certified in Banking Accident Management), CRA (Certified Accident Analyst), and others.
Acknowledgment: The columnist would like to acknowledge RADM James B. Greene (USN, Retired) for his invaluable acumen and inputs. RADM Greene was a apparent warfare administrator during his Fleet career and was the founding Chair of the Accretion Assay Affairs at Argosy Postgraduate School.
Endnotes
[1] Fleet Times. Website accessed at https://www.navytimes.com/news/your-navy/2021/05/28/navy-aims-to-reduce-end-strength-cut-higher-education-funding-in-new-budget-request/
[2] Additionally, a brief chase on the Internet reveals that apprenticeship correlates with lower abomination rates, a bigger affection of life, and academy accord in advance work, and, therefore, creates bookish and bread-and-butter amount to society. Some studies may additionally acquaint you that it can advance to best lifespans.
[3] The Argosy Postgraduate Academy is amid in Monterey, California, and the U.S. Argosy War Academy is amid in Newport, Rhode Island. Department of the Fleet (2018, December). Apprenticeship for Seapower E4S Report. Website accessed at https://www.navy.mil/strategic/E4SFinalReport.pdf
[4] Ibid.
[5] Mun, J. (2020). Acknowledgment on Advance in Argosy Apprenticeship and Research. OPNAV Argosy Assay Program. Website accessed at https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/67430
[6] Kamarck, K. N., Thie, H. J., Adelson, M., & Krull, H. (2010). Evaluating Navy’s adjourned alum apprenticeship program. A return-on-investment framework. Santa Monica, California: RAND Civic Aegis Assay Institute.
[7] Mun, J. (2016). Absolute Options Assay (Third Edition). Dublin, CA: Thomson-Shore and ROV Press.
[8] Oswalt, I., Cooley, T., Waite, W., Waite, E., Gordon, S., Severinghaus, R., & Lightner, G. (2011). Calculating acknowledgment on advance for US Department of Aegis clay and simulation. Aegis Accretion University, Fort Belvoir, Virginia. Retrieved from https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a539717.pdf
[9] Kamarck et al. (2010).
[10] Ibid.
[11] Mun, J. (2021). Quantitative Assay Methods (Second Edition). Dublin, CA: ROV Press.
[12] ARP assay connects aggressive and noncombatant accretion professionals, policymakers in DoD and Congress, industry, and accretion advisers from a ambit of federal and absolute institutions. At NPS, ARP supports 60–80 alum apprentice assay projects anniversary year. See: https://nps.edu/web/acqnresearch
[13] U.S. Marine Corps, Acquirements (MCDP7). Website accessed at https://www.marines.mil/Portals/1/Publications/MCDP 7.pdf
[14] Website accessed at https://nps.edu/-/-nps-own-admiral-hank-mauz-rallies-fall-2009-grads
Featured Image: 364 Argosy Postgraduate Acceptance alum in a June 2021 ceremony. (Photo via Argosy Postgraduate School)
How To Write An Academic Journal Article Pdf – How To Write An Academic Journal Article Pdf
| Encouraged to help the blog, within this period I’m going to show you in relation to How To Clean Ruggable. And now, this is the primary impression:
Why not consider graphic previously mentioned? will be of which wonderful???. if you think maybe and so, I’l t show you a few image once again under:
So, if you desire to receive all of these amazing images related to (How To Write An Academic Journal Article Pdf), press save link to save the graphics to your laptop. These are available for save, if you want and wish to get it, just click save logo on the post, and it’ll be directly down loaded in your desktop computer.} Finally if you wish to have unique and recent photo related to (How To Write An Academic Journal Article Pdf), please follow us on google plus or book mark the site, we attempt our best to present you daily up-date with fresh and new photos. We do hope you like keeping right here. For many updates and recent information about (How To Write An Academic Journal Article Pdf) photos, please kindly follow us on tweets, path, Instagram and google plus, or you mark this page on bookmark area, We try to provide you with up-date regularly with fresh and new pics, like your surfing, and find the best for you.
Here you are at our website, articleabove (How To Write An Academic Journal Article Pdf) published . At this time we’re delighted to announce we have found an extremelyinteresting topicto be reviewed, namely (How To Write An Academic Journal Article Pdf) Some people looking for specifics of(How To Write An Academic Journal Article Pdf) and certainly one of these is you, is not it?
