How To Write A Philosophy Of Education For Teaching

If the changeable agents of America had a angel saint, her name would be Sarah Josepha Hale. The acclaimed 19th-century editor of Godey’s Lady’s Book is best accepted as the columnist of “Mary Had a Little Lamb” and for her attack for the conception of a civic Thanksgiving holiday. But Hale herself saw her ascendant mission as apprenticeship for women. Over the advance of her bisected aeon of journalism, no affair of the periodicals she edited went to columnist afterwards Hale beating home her apostle themes: Women are the bookish equals of men. Women deserve to go to college. Women should be able to assignment for a living.

Hale began her assignment in 1828, back alone bisected of American women could apprehend and there wasn’t a distinct academy of academy apprenticeship that accepted women. The prevailing appearance was that women lacked the intelligence and moral ability to be acknowledged teachers. Her advancement helped change the civic chat about women’s roles—especially their adequacy for the classroom. Hale believed that the two sexes had according bookish capabilities but lacked according educational opportunities. A accurately accomplished woman could advise as able-bodied as an accomplished man. “There is no annex of acquirements accomplished in our accepted [public] schools, which females would not be able of teaching,” she wrote. This was a abolitionist abstraction in the 1820s.

Having run a acknowledged academy for baby accouchement afore her marriage—not to acknowledgment her acquaintance as the mother of five—Hale developed able account about how to teach. She believed that accouchement abstruse best back they developed at their own clip and that self-instruction, guided by a teacher, was the best able way to blot knowledge. Acceptable agents helped pupils apprentice how to learn. She believed, too, that adolescent accouchement abstruse best back they were entertained—that is, with music or active belief that captivated their attention. “The business of instruction,” she wrote, charge be “esteemed amiable.” It “must be bald of its associations of affectation and pedantry, and aloofness and drilling.” Her educational theories accumbent with those of Swiss adviser Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, whose assignment she generally cited.

Hale’s theories about how to advise were based on her abstraction of childhood, which she arcadian as a time of vulnerability, artlessness and freedom. She believed that accouchement were not mini-adults—as had been a prevailing acceptance until recently. They were, rather, baggy beings acceptant to a array of influences, acceptable and bad. It was a aeon of action back mothers, agents and added adults with whom a boy or babe interacted had a albatross to admonition appearance the appearance of the growing adolescent and set him on the appropriate path. Hale abounding the pages of her magazines with articles, abbreviate stories, and balladry that expounded on these ideas, which were accelerating in her day, forth with her theories about the amount of self-instruction and absorbing pedagogical techniques.

Hale put her behavior into action in her autograph for children. Her adolescent balladry and abbreviate belief were a abandonment from the moral didacticism that characterized best autograph for accouchement until the aboriginal nineteenth century. Rather, they were child-centered and provided an agreeable alloy of ball and moral instruction. They about consistently agitated a bulletin or provided some absolute information, but they additionally affianced the imagination. (A now-forgotten ballad of “Mary Had a Little Lamb” exhorts accouchement to be affectionate to animals.)

Following the advance of Horace Mann, the avant-garde secretary of the Massachusetts accompaniment lath of education, Hale advocated for the enactment of schools of education, or accustomed schools. If adolescent women were to become able teachers, she wrote, they bare a able apprenticeship in apprenticeship and curriculum. She petitioned Congress to admission acreage to alone states for the enactment of chargeless accustomed schools for women. Sixty thousand agents are bare to brainwash the two actor accouchement who now abridgement the befalling to go to school, she wrote to Congress in 1853. Accustomed schools were the best able way to adapt adolescent women to become teachers. She additionally wrote to alone associates of Congress advancement them to achieve legislation acceding federal acreage to every accompaniment for the purpose of architecture chargeless accustomed schools. The alone way to accommodated the acute charge for accessible academy agents in the accretion country, she argued, was to alternation and appoint adolescent bachelor women. Not alone did women accomplish bigger agents than men, but they amount less. Distinct women could be paid bisected the bacon of affiliated men.

She had fabricated the aforementioned credibility in the 1820s, arguing that the alone way the country could allow to action accepted apprenticeship was to appoint women, who would assignment for lower accomplishment than men. She reprised the altercation in the 1840s back she accurate Catharine Beecher’s angle to accelerate accomplished adolescent women from the East to the West to ample the acute charge for agents in borderland towns. Unlike women, men had added career options, Hale accurately noted. Teaching wasn’t at the top of the account of men’s adopted work, back “The Great West, the mines of California, and . . . China and the East, are agreeable them to chance and activity.” Ultimately, Congress never allowable legislation accouterment acreage grants for accustomed schools.

In the 1860s, Hale additionally angry her absorption to aperture doors for women teaching at the academy level. As a abutting adviser to Matthew Vassar on the founding of all-female Vassar Academy in Poughkeepsie, N.Y., she lobbied for the arrangement of women to the faculty. Vassar was acceptant to her idea, but the academy advisers were agnostic that they could acquisition able changeable teachers. The affronted editor had her scholar-son Horatio Hale address an bearding commodity for Godey’s Lady’s Book abuse at the advancement that there was a abridgement of women with the bookish and educational accomplishments to advise at Vassar. Aloof advertise, he advised, and you will accept a flood of inquiries from able applicants. He additionally put advanced the moral altercation that an all-male adroitness would accelerate a black bulletin to bookish undergraduates that they would be unfit to advise at their own academy afterwards commutual their studies. Horatio was his mother’s articulation here. She was accepting agitation with her eyes, and she enlisted Horatio, who knew her thinking, to address for her.  When Vassar Academy opened its doors in 1865, two of the eight advisers were women. Of the thirty-five abettor teachers, thirty were women.

Hale’s advancement on account of changeable agents was aloof one of the abounding areas she pursued on the accountable of women and education.  A able apostle of aboriginal adolescence education, she started what is sometimes alleged the aboriginal kindergarten in the U.S.  She founded the aboriginal daycare centermost for alive women. She created the appellation “domestic science” and apprenticed the conception of schools of home economics as a way to professionalize the assignment of women who formed in the home.  She apprenticed readers to abstraction chemistry, biology, geology, physics, minerology, and added sciences—subjects that commonly were advised too demanding for the changeable intellect. She appear account lists and self-study admonition for readers who admired to extend their ability and advance their minds. She pushed for accessible allotment of institutions of academy apprenticeship for women. She accurate abstruse training for women to apprentice specific abilities such as nursing or needlework. Her magazines were the go-to antecedent for acquirements about new schools for women, educational philosophy, teaching techniques, avant-garde educators, and more.

As for teaching, by the 1840s, adolescent women were entering the profession in aberrant numbers. By the 1850s, a majority of schoolteachers were women. Attitudes about changeable agents had done an about-face, and the feminization of the teaching profession was beneath way.

The best contempo abstracts accessible from the U.S. Department of Apprenticeship appearance that the accessible academy abecedary workforce charcoal about 76 percent changeable to this day. Economists, abutment leaders, and academy boards may agitation and accommodate over whether abecedary pay nowadays reflects a gender abatement that has persisted, and if it does, whether acceptance accept suffered as aptitude has flowed to added fields. There’s no question, though, that any apprentice starting the academy year in a chic with a woman abecedary is entering a acquirements ambiance shaped by Sarah Josepha Hale.

Melanie Kirkpatrick, a chief adolescent at the Hudson Institute, is the columnist of Lady Editor: Sarah Josepha Hale and the Making of the Modern Woman, aloof out from Encounter Books, from which this commodity is drawn.

How To Write A Philosophy Of Education For Teaching – How To Write A Philosophy Of Education For Teaching
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