1. Ekuikui the Age-old I – The insect that cannot be eaten by the bird
2. Hundungulu I
3. Cisende the Age-old I
4. Gunji – Who has the pillar; on the day it topples, aggregate on it will die
5. Civukuvuku
6. Utondosi
7. Ñala Bonge
8. Cisende II
9. Vasovava – I acquire never apparent a commonwealth like mine
10. Ekongo – Of the goats
11. Ekuikui II
12. Katiavala
13. Numa
14. Hundungulu II
15. Kalandula
16. Cisende III
17. Jahulu
18. Cingi
19. Kangovi
He is the best important of the kings. It was during his fireFootnote 2 that the whites became durably accustomed in the country.
His name is Cisengele-Colongupa. On demography the throne, he said: ‘I am Ekuikui Cikundiakundia Cipuka Kaliwa la Njila [The Larva Cikundiakundia that Cannot Be Eaten by the Bird].’ This means: ‘I escaped; I shall not be defeated by anything.’
During his blaze all the citizenry of added countries began to account the name of Bailundo more. He baffled abounding countries.
One day he beatific a bulletin to the Soma of Viye in which he said: ‘As there exists abounding rancour amid us, appear to allocution properly. Because you are a adolescent and I am older,Footnote 3 it’s not acceptable that we abet anniversary other.’ Baron Ciponge of Viye replied: ‘Tell him that I wouldn’t allocution with addition toothless.’ On audition this, Soma Ekuikui said: ‘Very well.’
And he waited for Ciponge to aback his bales.Footnote 4 The Soma, Ñala Ekuikui, bedeviled all his cargo. And he told Ciponge’s lads: ‘Go to your Lord, my adolescent brother Ciponge, and acquaint him that Ekuikui, that toothless man, bites alike afterwards teeth. His gums chaw adamantine enough.’
It was in the aeon of Baron Ekuikui that the peaceful whites came to this country. This baron in allotment was acceptable for the whites because he accustomed them to anatomy in his kingdom, but he additionally punished them a lot. In his time, the citizenry was large, both slavesFootnote 5 and affluent people. But anyone attractive at the king’s wife would be comatose immediately.
He was an amazing man in backbone and in war. All the surrounding countries – Esele, Viye, Bukusu – obeyed Bailundo. At that time, he perceived that he was addition admired by everyone, whites and Ovimbundu. Back he was alive, he consistently said: ‘Sons, you won’t be able to accommodate what is set to happen. You will obey the whites, you will be their slaves, they will be aloft to you.’
On bold government, the baron begins by allotment the bodies who will anatomy the kingdom. The names accustomed to them explain the functions to which they accord and how they are constituted, whether they are chargeless persons, sons of kings, lads from the cloister or old slaves. Abutting these bodies are beatific to the outskirts of the ombala, saying: ‘This ancestors will accumulate here; that one, over there.’
In this onjango there are stones (used as seats). Inside is the bench of the baby Kesongo, who additionally performs the role of Kongengele (who carries the skull (a fleshless beastly head) and the ocindambala (axe), in case they go to war). The added seats are those of the Soma, the big Kesongo, Muekalia, Epalanga and Cinduli (a aloft bondservant who additionally has power). There are additionally added seats for those adulatory to access the king. If a altered being sits on one of the aloof seats, he or she will be in trouble.
Everyone who suffers in his or her family, whether bondservant or sorcerer,Footnote 7 seeks ambush with the Soma, acceding himself at the latter’s account and accedence afore him.
Not abandoned disciplinarian offered to serve. The accouchement of the country additionally did so, because some fathers, admitting bearing the child, do not attending afterwards them. The adolescent ends up as admitting fatherless. And seeing that those who action their account at the cloister book well, eat able-bodied and acquire clothes to wear, they additionally advance their account to the baron and their ancestor no best sees them.
When the maize is accomplished and bodies are already bistro it, the baron and best important elders will not yet aftertaste it; they plan the actual day to eat the new food.
The baron orders the lads of the cloister to attending for addition to kill. Afterwards they acquire comatose someone, they abolish the belly (slicing off a allotment of all the associates and organs of the body: liver, leg, heart, etc.). They mix these things with ox meat and agitate ocimbombo;Footnote 8 they eat and alcohol and appropriately the new aliment is tasted.
Some important elders acquire done this, but afterwards killing people; they annihilate aloof a baby pig or added baby beastly and eat it with the new food. They add: ‘The ritual is performed, aback if it is not, there will be sickness.’
The Soma cannot eat alone. Thus, he does not usually eat what comes through the capital entrance; he has to action aggregate to the bodies who appear until none is left. What passes through the baby access is aloof for him and arrives backward in the afternoon. Abandoned Cilala, Muekalia, Epalanga and Somakesenge apperceive about this. They canyon on the aliment and they should be accustomed a little.
The aisle arch to the cloister on abrogation the onjango is not a beeline line. There are a few twists and turns afore accession at the etambo Footnote 9 of the court. It is actual beautiful. Passing by this etambo there is a baby access to the Soma’s house.
In the Soma’s abode there are abounding atambo (small adoration houses), aback anniversary baron who governs constructs an etambo for his elders and cares for all of them in the aforementioned way, including those already there.
Each etambo has a Cipuku (a adolescent woman amenable for across-the-board and assuming the worship). Anniversary baron who governs, on encountering these women, treats them like he takes affliction of the atambo, aback they are like his wives.
Cipuku is the spiritFootnote 10 who brings revelations. If a woman receives abounding revelations, bodies say: ‘It is the spirit ocipuku. Our ancestors adored her with the allowance of revelation.’ They anatomy her a baby abode and present her with offerings. This abode is alleged etambo. Sometimes she incorporates [the spirit] and says ‘I am Sekulu So-and-So’ and makes recommendations to the apple elders. If article is accident or about to happen, she anon says what will occur. They acquire the addiction of abstraction aggregate that the augur said. If she gives them a command, they chase it to the letter, instructing their children.
We apperceive that aback the age-old times elders acquire trusted abundantly in Suku.Footnote 11 His name is never arresting with little adversity or little peace. If addition is sick, they accomplish prayers to the ancestors in the atambo. One can abandoned alarm Suku’s name if the being is dying. They say: ‘The ancestors are not responding; we alarm Suku who formed us and gave us life.’
In the king’s cloister there is a ample abode (warehouse) for fabrics and gunpowder.
Next to the barn there is a ample abode area bodies are laid. Inside this abode a cesspool has been dug that leads alfresco (like a approach to cesspool water).
When a being dies, they booty the anatomy to this house, sit it anxiously on a stool aloft the approach and cascade spirit over the anatomy so that it dries added quickly. The aqueous drains alfresco via the gutter. The approach is able-bodied with stones; it looks like a burrow, so one cannot see that what drains out is disgusting. Afterwards the being dries, they bind a stick in his or her hand. Back the aqueous ceases to cesspool out, the being is removed from there and placed on the ancillary forth with the chair. This is done for everyone, acceptation that the abode becomes acutely full. The bodies are sat on the chairs with a stick in the duke as if they had not died. Demography affliction of this are two women who are abutting to the baron and a woman who serves as a adviser to them both. The name of the closing is Kaciłułu. This name applies to this affectionate of assignment because she is amenable for demography affliction of the iłułu.Footnote 12
Of these bodies laid, it is said: ‘They are the ones who assure the Soma from baleful attacks. If they canyon the entrances of the hoes, they will not ability the king.’
When the baron dies, a ball is performed on a mountain. In demography the anatomy to the akokoto, they backpack it up a slope. The kings are not active in graves. Back they access with the anatomy in the akokoto, acceding it in the coffin, they alarm an age-old who acclimated to be a slave. The elders adjudge that this man, who absolutely acclimated to be a slave, should be freed and go to his village.Footnote 13 The elders alarm an earlier man to appear and casket the king. On arrival, this man finds the baron in the easily of the elders to be placed in the coffin. The earlier man unties the abracadabra belt that the baron wore captivated about his body. Added bodies anon access and run with him. They accord him the arch of a cow with horns, backpack his accoutrements and accelerate him aback to his homeland. He can never afresh acknowledgment to the village.
In the ombala, the name Muekalia signifies that he is abutting to the king, aback he is the one who enthrones him and who can additionally depose him if he proves not to be a acceptable person. He has the rightFootnote 14 to instate the baron who the bodies want. For this reason, in all the kingdoms, whether baby or large, the name Muekalia exists.
When the baron dies or is deposed, the man who will alter him invites a quimbandeiro to abolish all the things that anatomy allotment of the abracadabra of his predecessor. At the aboideau of hoes they abode addition hoe with addition spell. At the atom area Ndumbila sits addition being is sacrificed. Aggregate that refers to the abracadabra of the antecedent has to be changed; annihilation remains. Alike the quimbandeiro has to be addition different. Abandoned the timberline amid amid the paths remains.
The acting baron will additionally access with his wives. It depends on the wishes of the king’s women if they will acknowledgment to their villages or abide in the ombala in the affliction of the new king. If the cloister elders apperceive that a woman is good, one of them agrees to ally her. If amid the Inakulu (old widows) they admit that one of them is blameless and admired by everyone, the cloister elders will acquaint the baron that she will be Nasoma (Wife of the King) or Inakulu (older wife of the king). Those women afterwards qualities will be told to leave.
On abutting the king, he charge be honoured (one kneels and bows, falling on the arena abutting to him). Afterwards they should address the king, adage ‘He is the lion, he is the lion’ and applauding. The baron afresh replies: ‘Akuku, akuku’ or ‘Kalunga, kalunga.’ Afterwards the being sits bottomward and begins to speak.
The address citation the bobcat signifies that the being saluting him respects him as the bobcat who devours people, implying that if the baron wishes to absorb him like a lion, he can do (if he wants to advertise him or annihilate him, he can too).
At this moment in time, our country was alpha to be invaded by whites. All the things that the kings did began to change. There would be a time back all the bodies and kings would be absolute by white people, appropriately they would not acquiesce us to do as we wished.
A assertive Captain Teixeira da Silva was in Viye. So the war began and the Hona aggregate to action adjoin Viye. Afterwards the Hona returned, conceivably he was abashed of catastrophe up alone. So he larboard there naked and accustomed at the ombala of Bailundo. ÑałaFootnote 15 Ekuikui anon greeted him warmly. He gave him trousers, a shirt, a covering and some family, as able-bodied as a baby abode to alive in. In the backyard of this abode there was a collapsed bean area he would sit to balmy in the sun. Afterwards he wrote his name on that bean like addition active in a stake. He best up a bang and a attach and, little by little, carved the bean and wrote his name. At that time, back he did this, bodies said: ‘The whites aren’t lazy. What is this for, it seems like a child’s game?’ They did not apperceive he was administering us. Alike today this name persists; therefore, it did not disappear. It functioned as he wanted.
It was during the aeon back they were attractive afterwards him. Back the ball was convoked, they said: ‘Come and dance.’ And he danced. And they access him to aggregate they did, saying: ‘He should do aggregate that we do because he is ours now. He cannot be absent from annihilation we do, if not we belch him.’
When Captain Teixeira annoyed of blockage in the ombala, he asked the baron to accord him some lads to try to alive in the Katapi. The baron agreed. He began to get bigger and beatific letters to Benguela. Gradually the whites began to move abroad and transform into a government.Footnote 16 Alike today this authoritative column is alleged Katapi. As they gathered, they became abounding and launched a war adjoin the Ovimbundu, afire bottomward the ombala. Appropriately the Ovimbundu were defeated until today.
In the commonwealth of Kalandula there was no peace. This is back the war adjoin the whites began with Baron Kalandula and his Epalanga, Mutu-Yakevela.
At this time the whites began to accomplish the Ovimbundu suffer, application them as porters afterwards advantageous them, lying about their accomplishment and assault them.
On seeing the situation, Mutu, Cilala and anybody abroad absent their heads, aback they had never apparent annihilation like it. One day Mutu became accountable to a white man, who rowed with him and gave him a slap. Mutu larboard acutely agitated.
He accursed some shots at the authoritative post, on the whites who had congenital in Katapi. But he was expelled. He went to WambuFootnote 17 and afresh aggregate some war forces. He was defeated by Njimbu, who had appear from Esele with his adolescent creditors.
When the baron who is administering dies, the elders appear to an acceding to acquire a new agent from amid the sons, affectionate nephews or grandchildren of the kings.
They accommodated at night in the abode of the earlier amid them, Muekalia. This accumulation of bodies is alleged Vakalia. During the affair at night, one of them says ‘I appetite so-and-so to be king’, and anniversary of them expresses their opinion. Afterwards anybody has declared their preference, Muekalia, the baton of leaders, says ‘I acquire called so-and-so’ and anybody applauds. Whoever is called by Muekalia will govern.
After the accumulation advises anybody that so-and-so will reign, the absolute apple aliment ocimbombo. Everyone, abounding or small, comes to the ombala to watch the commencement ceremony.
If addition has beggared or comatose addition else, aching addition with a bean or owed some acceptable to addition being and does not ambition to pay, the buyer of this acceptable goes to the ombala to betrayal the being in adjustment for the baron to force them to pay for this acceptable promptly.
When addition takes a catechism to the ombala, they authorize the date back the amount will be judged. Back this day arrives, all the king’s elders and all the added bodies complex accommodated in the ocila (the abode area judgments are made).
The Soma is the last. Back anybody abroad is sitting, he enters the cloister calmly with his apparel boring on the ground, and anybody charcoal in complete silence. Back he sits, all the bodies who came to participate in the balloon accost him with abounding applause. Afterwards sitting, he says a few simple words. Abandoned afresh does he ask what the balloon is about, although he knows. The being in catechism repeats what he or she has already said. Once finished, the Soma has the final word. At the end of the trial, all the bodies who brought a catechism afore the baron duke over two ample pigs, which are broiled and disconnected up so that anybody who went to watch the balloon receives their share.
But the being activate accusable by the attorneys pays for the added person’s goods. If the acquittal is two oxen, the baron keeps one and the buyer the other.
If the baron becomes ailing anybody becomes actual sad. But if his affection is long, Muekalia and added elders ability an acceding to put an end to his life.
They acquire some men, go to the abode area the baron is ailing and back there, enter, authority his arch and aberration his close several times. They leave and acknowledgment the abutting day to do the same. Back the arch avalanche off, they say: ‘The Soma died, the Soma died.’
Over all these canicule on which they aberration the king’s neck, if addition comes to visit, they artlessly say ‘The Soma is still sick’ until the day that the arch comes abroad from the neck. They afresh say: ‘Messengers, advance out and advertise the king’s funeral.’ And they do so.
During this period, if the baron died, the absolute country was abashed because abounding bodies larboard the ombala to abduction bodies in all the countries.
This anniversary of afterlife would go as far as Cisanji, abducting and assaulting people. It alike accomplished Mbuluvulu in Viye, abducting bodies until the baron was buried. They annihilate abounding oxen, alcohol a lot of spirit and blaze abounding shots! And dance.
When the burial ends, the administration of the abutting baron begins.
When there is dearth in the country, bodies become affronted with the baron and say: ‘Your blaze is sad.’ Conceivably he will be deposed from government or admonished; they will say that he has no admiration for the kings who reigned on his throne, those who acquire died and he replaced. So he casts assorted spells so that the afterward year, back bodies activate to abound their crops, there is an abounding harvest.
Whenever the country confronts turbulence, they abolish the baron from the arch and abode addition abroad on it who brings aliment and added things that the bodies want.
If bodies sow their crops and the rain ceases to fall, they become actual afraid aback they do not apperceive what added to do.
So, the baron unites all the elders of the country and all the bodies edger the tombs. In the ombala they go to the akokoto (the abode area the kings and important elders of the ombala are buried) to edger the tombs and additionally to accumulate mausoleums.
These canicule are adamantine work. Bodies comedy drums, ball and admire the comatose kings and elders of the accomplished (those who acquire died) in adjustment for them to absolution the rains, aback they are the ones causing the problem. The bodies annihilate oxen and goats, cloudburst their claret over the tombs. They additionally besprinkle spirit and ocimbombo on the tombs, saying: ‘So that those who are in the tombs additionally eat this meat and alcohol this spirit and the ocimbombo to acclamation their hearts.’
And on these canicule the rain begins to form.
Here in the Umbundu country, agronomical assignment was added of a changeable responsibility.
Men tend to bulb aloof a few tobacco orchards to booty with them back they biking and buy food.
When the backing division arrives, the women active themselves with the crops. They deathwatch aboriginal in the morning to aback baptize from the river, put the pot on the fire, and accomplish funge, which they accelerate to the onjango for the men to eat. Women eat anon from the sieve, and while they eat, aback seeds, a hoe and their bassinet and go to the acreage to tend their crops.
Men aloof break in the apple chatting in the onjango. The best able go to the forests to accomplish hives and accumulate them so that back the bees arrive, they can access to aftermath honey and wax. They afresh advertise the closing aftermath and accomplish a lot of money for their sustenance.
Here amid the Umbundu, women acquire abounding power, men little. Theirs is exaggerated.
When the agronomics division arrives, they acquire abounding assignment to do. If some women appetite to autumn a lot of maize, they go to the quimbandeiro to access some able medicines.
When it gets dark, some women leave their bedmate in bed and go to accomplish enchantments in the houses of others, so that if the closing try to brand livestock, the animals will artlessly affect and die, or if they try to save money fabricated on trips, they accomplish little profit. But they accomplish these enchantments backward at night or aboriginal morning back anybody is abysmal asleep, and cipher awake.
If there is a quimbandeiro in a ancestors and he dies, addition from this ancestors goes to a quimbandeiro in addition country to acquire the umbanda of the asleep and Cimbanda shows him all the medications in the forest, alignment from those that cure assorted diseases to those that annihilate people. But Cimbanda tells this being that back they acknowledgment they should absorb an absolute year as a diviner; in the additional year they should annihilate addition from their own ancestors in adjustment for their divinations to be acknowledged and for bodies to acquire aggregate that they say.
Since the age-old times, if bodies ambition to leave on an excursion, they accede a ages in the afterward year, saying: ‘We will set off that month.’ They afresh abound tobacco and save up alkali and chaplet so that back they depart, they acquire a assets to buy aliment on the journey.
The appurtenances that they booty are blankets, guns, gunpowder, pots, and sometimes tobacco, chaplet and salt. Those who acquire none of these things usually accomplish deals so that back they accomplish a profit, they airing about with cloths like affluent bodies and traders.Footnote 21
Just afore the band is about to leave, its adviser goes to the quimbandeiro, who grates pieces of timberline bark, mixes them with baptize and soil, and gives the brew to the adviser who wants to be the band leader, saying: ‘Drink it so that back you leave, the bodies you leave abaft don’t anathema you, and your business in the acreage of the Ngangela goes actual well.’
The bondservant is a being who was bought. Here there are abounding slaves. Some are disciplinarian because their affectionate uncle had abounding debts.
Some disciplinarian are from the time back the traders would go to the Ngangela to buy abounding people. Some are disciplinarian because back they are still with their family, while young, they do bad things and the ancestors agrees that it would be bigger to advertise the lad.
Slavery is painful. It is bigger to acquire a ample abrasion than be accountable to the will of a master. The bondservant charge do whatever his adept commands.
There are abounding cases in which a being was a slave, but the adept recognizes that he is able and nominates him as baton of the others. Back the adept dies, it is this being who will advance the ancestors in his place: slaves, nobles, accouchement of bearing or nephews. He is the one they will alarm Sekulu.Footnote 22
When a blue-blooded being dies, their burial turns into a festival. They comedy drums, dance, play, blaze accoutrements and annihilate oxen. With slaves, this is not the case. It is accurate that bullwork is painful. It is bigger to acquire a ample wound.
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